Effectiveness of syndromic management for male patients with urethral discharge symptoms in Amazonas, Brazil

Abstract: Background: Urethral discharge syndrome (UDS) is characterized by the presence of purulent or mucopurulent urethral discharge.The main etiological agents of this syndrome are Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis. Objectives: To evaluate the effectiveness of the syndromic management to resolve symptoms in male urethral discharge syndrome cases in Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. Methods: Retrospective cohort of male cases of urethral discharge syndrome observed at a clinic for sexually transmitted disease (STD) in 2013. Epidemiological and clinical data, as well as the results of urethral swabs, bacterioscopy, hybrid capture for C.trachomatis, wet-mount examination, and culture for N.gonorrhoeae, were obtained through medical chart reviews. Results: Of the 800 urethral discharge syndrome cases observed at the STD clinic, 785 (98.1%) presented only urethral discharge syndrome, 633 (79.1%) returned for follow-up, 579 (91.5%) were considered clinically cured on the first visit, 41(6.5 %) were considered cured on the second visit, and 13(2.0%) did not reach clinical cure after two appointments. Regarding the etiological diagnosis, 42.7% of the patients presented a microbiological diagnosis of N.gonorrhoeae, 39.3% of non-gonococcal and non-chlamydia urethritis, 10.7% of C.trachomatis and 7.3% of co-infection with chlamydia and gonococcus. The odds of being considered cured in the first visit were greater in those who were unmarried, with greater schooling, and with an etiological diagnosis of gonorrhea. The diagnosis of non-gonococcal urethritis reduced the chance of cure in the first visit. Study limitation: A study conducted at a single center of STD treatment. Conclusion: Syndromic management of male urethral discharge syndrome performed in accordance with the Brazilian Ministry of Health STD guidelines was effective in resolving symptoms in the studied population. More studies with microbiological outcomes are needed to ensure the maintenance of the syndromic management.

Infecção por Chlamydia trachomatis e Neisseria gonorrhoeae: fatores associados à infertilidade em mulheres atendidas em um serviço público de reprodução humana / Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection: factors associated with infertility in women treated at a human reproduction public service

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a prevalência de infecção por Chlamydia trachomatis e Neisseria gonorrhoeae em mulheres submetidas à reprodução assistida em um serviço público de referência da região Centro-Oeste do Brasil. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal com 340 mulheres com idade entre 20 e 47 anos, histórico de infertilidade, submetidas às técnicas de reprodução assistida. Foram analisadas as infecções por Chlamydia trachomatis e Neisseria gonorrhoeae detectadas em amostras de urina pela técnica de PCR e o perfil da infertilidade. Utilizou-se o teste do χ2 ou o teste exato de Fisher para avaliar a associação entre a infecção e as variáveis. RESULTADOS: Observou-se prevalência de 10,9% das mulheres com infecção por Chlamydia trachomatis, sendo que houve coinfecção por Neisseria gonorrhoeae em 2 casos. Mulheres infectadas por Chlamydia trachomatis apresentaram mais de 10 anos de infertilidade (54,1%; p<0,0001). O fator tubário foi a principal causa nos casos com infecção (56,8%; p=0,047). A obstrução tubária foi encontrada em 67,6% dos casos com infecção positiva (p=0,004). CONCLUSÃO: Houve associação da obstrução tubária com a infecção por Chlamydia trachomatis e Neisseria gonorrhoeae, reforçando a necessidade de estratégias efetivas para detecção precoce das doenças sexualmente transmissíveis, principalmente em mulheres assintomáticas em idade fértil. .

PURPOSE: To evaluate the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in women undergoing assisted reproduction in a public reference service in the midwestern region of Brazil. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 340 women aged from 20 to 47 years with a history of infertility, undergoing assisted reproduction techniques. Infections with Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae identified in urine specimens by PCR, and the profile of infertility were analyzed. We used the χ2 test or Fisher's exact test to evaluate the association between infection and variables. RESULTS: The prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection was 10.9%, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae co-infection was observed in 2 cases. Women infected with Chlamydia trachomatis had more than 10 years of infertility (54.1%; p<0.0001). The tubal factor was the main cause in infected cases (56.8%; p=0.047). Tubal occlusion was found in 67.6% of cases with positive infection (p=0.004). CONCLUSION: There was an association of tubal obstruction with infection by Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae, reinforcing the need for effective strategies for an early detection of sexually transmitted diseases, especially in asymptomatic women of childbearing age. .

Prevalência de infecção por Chlamydia trachomatis em mulheres candidatas à fertilização in vitro em serviço público de referência do Estado de São Paulo / Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection among women candidates for in vitro fertilization at a public institution of the State of São Paulo, Brazil

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a prevalência de infecção por Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) e Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) em mulheres candidatas ao tratamento tópico e de fertilização in vitro (FIV) em serviço público de referência da Região Sudeste do Brasil. MÉTODOS: Mulheres que tiveram indicação de FIV, no período de 1º de abril de 2008 a 31 de outubro de 2009, foram admitidas sequencialmente no estudo. Foi aplicado um questionário sobre antecedentes ginecológicos e obstétricos e coletada amostra de swab endocervical para pesquisa de CT e NG através de captura híbrida e PCR. As variáveis estudadas foram: faixa etária, cor, escolaridade, tempo de infertilidade, número de gestações e filhos vivos, antecedentes de aborto, gestação ectópica, número de parceiros, Doença Inflamatória Pélvica (DIP), cirurgia pélvica, manipulação de cavidade uterina, tabagismo e uso de drogas ilícitas. As mulheres foram distribuídas segundo presença ou não de infecção por clamídia e a análise foi descritiva. RESULTADOS: Entre as 176 mulheres estudadas a prevalência de infecção por CT foi de 1,1%, não houve infecção por NG. Dois terços das mulheres tinham idade >30 anos, escolaridade >8 anos, <5 anos de infertilidade e 56,2% não tinham filhos. Os principais antecedentes foram cirurgia pélvica (77,8%), manipulação de cavidade uterina (62,5%) e DIP (27,8%). O fator tubário foi o mais prevalente, em 129 mulheres (73,3%), 37,5% com e 35,8% sem laqueadura, os demais fatores tiveram prevalência <30%. CONCLUSÕES: As infecções por CT e NG tiveram baixa prevalência na amostra estudada e são necessários estudos em outros centros do país para confirmar a prevalência de infecções nesse grupo particular de mulheres inférteis.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) among women candidates to in vitro fertilization (IVF) in a reference public service in southeastern Brazil. METHODS: Women who were referred for IVF from April 1st, 2008 to December 31st, 2009 were enrolled sequentially in the study. A ginecological-obstetrical background questionnaire was applied and endocervical swab samples were obtained to search for CT and NG using hybrid capture and PCR. The variables studied were: age, color, education, duration of infertility, number of pregnancies and living children, history of miscarriage, ectopic pregnancy, number of sex partners, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), pelvic surgery, manipulation of the uterine cavity, smoking, and illicit drug use. The women were distributed according to the presence/absence of confirmed chlamydia infection and descriptive analysis was employed. RESULTS: Among 176 women tested the prevalence of CT infection was 1.1% and there was no NG infection. Two thirds of the women were >30 years old, with schooling >8 years and <5 years of infertility, and 56.2% had no children. The main background data were pelvic surgery (77.8%), manipulation of the uterine cavity (62.5%) and PID (27.8%). The tubal factor was the most prevalent, 73.3% of women (from 129), 37.5% had been sterilized, 35.8% had not been sterilized, and other factors had a prevalence <30%. CONCLUSIONS: CT and NG infections had a low prevalence in this sample. Studies at other centers in the country are needed to confirm the prevalence of infection in this particular group of infertile women.

Systemic lupus Erythematosus and Neisseria gonorrhoea a case of the arthritis-dermatitis syndrome

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic disease characterized by arthritis among other protean manifestations. Occasionally lupus flares occur and is associated with increasing joint pains. In this state, complement is activated and leads to precipitation of immune complexes. Neisserial infections are cleared by complement and so in the presence of deficient complement, these infections will flourish. Disseminated gonococcal infection (DGI) occurs infrequently. A case of Neisseria gonorrhoea presenting as the arthritis-dermatitis syndrome which mimicked a lupus flare is presented and the appropriate literature reviewed.

A Case of Bacteremia by Neisseria gonorrhoeae Coincident with Massive Hemorrhage of Esophageal Varices / 대한진단검사의학회지

A 42-yr-old man with hepatitis B virus associated liver cirrhosis was admitted to the emergency room because of multiple seizures, a history of chills and myalgia over the previous 2 weeks, and 3 days of melena. He was febrile with a temperature of 38.0degrees C. There were no symptoms and signs related to the genitourinary system, skin, or joints. Three sets of blood cultures were obtained and oxidase-positive, gram-negative diplococci were detected after 25.9-26.9 hr of incubation in all aerobic vials. The organism was positive for catalase and oxidase, and was identified as Neisseria gonorrhoeae, using a Vitek Neisseria-Haemophilus Identification card (bioMerieux Vitek, Inc., USA). Further, 16S rRNA sequencing of this isolate revealed a 99.9% homology with the published sequence of N. gonorrhoeae strain NCTC 83785 (GenBank Accession No. NR_026079.1). Acute bleeding by variceal rupture seems to be a likely route of introduction of N. gonorrhoeae from the mucosa into the blood. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of gonococcal bacteremia in Korea.

Antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Neisseria gonorrhoeae at STI clinic.

A total of 100 consecutive patients who attended a sexually transmitted infections clinic were studied. Thirteen had gonococcal urethritis, of which 10 showed growth of Neisseria gonorrhoeae on culture. All the isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility by Australian Gonococcal Surveillance Programme (AGSP) method and beta lactamase production by chromogenic cephalosporin test. Four patients were co-infected with each of the following: HIV, HBV and Chlamydia trachomatis . Gonococcal urethritis (13%) was found more in male patients. Ten percent gonococcal isolates were penicillinase-producing N. gonorrhoeae , and another 10% were tetracycline-resistant N. gonorrhoeae .

Clinical feature of Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome: Analysis of 25 cases / 대한간학회지

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome is defined as perihepatitis associated with pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). We retrospectively analyzed clinical and laboratory manifestations as well as the therapeutic response in patients with clinically diagnosed Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome. METHODS: A cohort of 25 patients with PID and perihepatitis (as diagnosed by dynamic abdominal computed tomography (CT)) was enrolled. The prognosis, clinical manifestations, and physical examination, laboratory, and CT findings were analyzed. RESULTS: The mean (+/-SD) age of the patients was 32(+/-8) years, and all of them were sexually active, premenopausal women, and presented with abdominal pain. Of these, 52% complained of vaginal discharge. On physical examination, right upper-quadrant tenderness was the most common finding (84%), with lower-abdominal tenderness being present in 20% of patients. On laboratory examination, erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein were increased in 76% and 92% of the patients, respectively. The white blood cell count was increased in 60% of them. Most patients had a normal liver function test. Using a specimen of the cervical discharge, the polymerase chain reaction to test for Chlamydia trachomatis were positive in 87% (13/15) of the patients, and Chlamydia antigen was found in 75% (9/12) of them. Dynamic abdominal CT revealed subcapsular enhancement of the liver in the arterial phase. All of the patients improved with antibiotic therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Symptoms and physical findings suggestive of PID are not present in many patients with Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome. When a premenopausal woman complains of upper abdominal pain and shows CT findings compatible with perihepatitis, examination of cervical discharge would be recommended to assess the possibility of Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome.

Síndrome de Reiter / Reiter's syndrome

Presentamos un caso de un paciente de 14 años de edad, de sexo masculino, en quien los hallazgos clínicos, histopatológicos y de laboratorio confirmaron el diagnóstico de síndrome de Reiter. Realizamos una extensa revisión bibliográfica, en la cual observamos que aún hoy se discuten pautas diagnósticas, mecanismos fisiopatogénicos, terapéutica y asociaciones de este síndrome, particularmente en aquellos pacientes en quienes no se manifiesta totalmente

Tratamiento de la gonorrea en adolescentes y adultos / Gonorrhea treatment in adolescents and adults

La gonorrea continúa siendo una enfermedad frecuente. En Chile 70 porciento de las cepas de neisseria gonorrhoeae son resistentes a penicilina y mantienen 100 porciento de sensibilidad a cefalosporinas de tercera generación y ciprofloxacina. Se revisan los esquemas terapéuticos propuestos para las infecciones gonocóccicas uretrales, cervicales, rectales, faríngeas, conjuntivales, forma diseminada, endocarditis y meningitis. Además se comentan las exigencias del tratamiento en la mujer embarazada, en pacientes infectados por virus de inmunodeficiencia humana, en casos de coexistencia con chlamydia trachomatis y en pacientes alérgicos a b lactámicos

The prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in rural Thai women.

A cross sectional study was designed to investigate the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis among different groups of rural women in the northeast Thailand. The presence of chlamydial antigens in endocervical swabs was detected by ELISA. The prevalences of Chlamydia trachomatis were 6.8% (31/485), 5.2% (24/466) and 6.7% (12/179) in women attending antenatal, postpartum and family planning clinics respectively. The average prevalences of C. trachomatis among hospital-based and community-based women were 6.1% (67/1,103) and 3.6% (15/411) respectively. In addition, the prevalences of some pathogens including Candida albicans, Trichomonas vaginalis, Treponema pallidum and Neisseria gonorrhoea among hospital-based and community-based women were 14.2, 2.8, 0.7, 0.2 and 10.9, 5.1, 2.7, 0.0% respectively. It was concluded that C. trachomatis was a problem of woman's reproductive health.

Cytodiagnosis of discharge per vaginum.

Simple, rapid, inexpensive methods such as pH determination, wet mount, KOH mount, amine test, Gram staining of vaginal discharge were undertaken prior to Pap stained smears of 158 patients of leucorrhoea. We were able to detect non-specific vaginitis (44.30%), Trichomoniasis (16.45%), Candida vaginitis (9.49%), gonococcal vaginitis (0.63%) and senile vaginitis (12 cases). No specific pathology was shown in 26 cases. 1.69% of the cases were of cervical erosion and 3.79% cases suggestive of squamous malignancy.

Rabdomiolisis asociada a infeccion gonococcica diseminada en una anciana / Rhabdomyolisis associated to disseminated gonococcal infection in an elderly woman

El síndrome de infección Gonocóccica Diseminada (IGD) es muy infrecuente en pacientes de edad avanzada y su asociación a Rabdomiólisis (RML) no ha sido publicada, por lo cual presentamos un caso de RML secundario a IGD en una mujer geronte. Se presume que el daño muscular en este caso estuvo relacionado directamente con la infección gonocóccica a través de la liberación de endotoxinas y mediadores celulares del sistema mononuclear-fagocítico y/o con la injuria isquémica secundaria al cuadro de severa hipoperfusión tisular. Sugerimos que la infección gonocóccica se agregue a las causas infecciosas de RML y que se incluya en el diagnóstico diferencial inicial de todo paciente que se presente con poliartritis y RML.

Protección específica contra el gonococo / Specific protection against gonococcus

La gonorrea constituye actualmente un problema importante de salud pública, cuyo impacto se refleja en su morbilidad y a través de sus complicaciónes y secuelas crónicas. El agente causal es Neisseria gonorrhoeae, conocido comúnmente como gonococo, y su único hospedero es el humano. Su forma de transmisión es por el contacto sexual o perinatal. cuando en 1985 se realizó el ensayo clínico de una vacuna producida con pili de gonococo en unos 3,000 voluntarios, se pensaba que las investigaciones para producir una vacuna para gonococo estaban cercanas a lograr su propósito. Sin embargo, a partir de entonces se han debido enfrentar problemas inherentes a las complejidades fisiológicas, inmunoquímicas, moleculares y genéticas de la bacteria. La obtención de una vacuna eficaz puede analizarse desde tres puntos de vista: aspectos de la bacteria, del huésped y con los de la vacuna misma. La identificación de los posibles candidatos para una vacuna se han dirigido a seleccionar componentes que sean constantes entre cepas homólogas y cepas heterólogas, que no dañen el sistema inmunológico del huésped y que estén expuestos en la pared celular de las bacterias. Se ha considerado que los pili, la proteína I, la lipoproteína y la proteína receptora de hierro reúnen estas características. En caso de que la protección que otorgue la vacuna únicamente sea para las complicaciones ocacionadas por la diseminación de la bacteria, ésta será insuficiente para interrumpir la cadena de transmisión

Frecuencia de la blenorragia en mujeres con inflamación pelvica aguda / Gonorrhea frequency in women with acute pelvic inflammation

La inflamación pelvica aguda constituye un problema de salud en muchos países; entre los agentes causales se destaca la Neiseria gonorrhoeae. Las características epidemiológicas de las mujeres infectadas pueden aportar elementos que orienten la pesquisa en los grupos de mayor riesgo, así como las medidas preventivas en la enfermedad. Se estudiaron 1 108 mujeres que concurrieron a 2 hospitales ginecoobstétricos por presentar lo que se definió como el cuadro clínico mínimo de una inflamación pélvica aguda. A las mujeres incluidas en la investigación, se les realizó estudio bacteriológico, tanto por directo como por cultivo, para el aislamiento de Neiseria gonorrhoeae, así como una encuesta que recogía los parámetros epidemiológicos de interés. Se detectó el 6,3 %de mujeres positivas a N. gonorrhoeae, se observó un predominio en las que tienen entre 30 y 34 años y las que supone tienen un compañero sexual estable. La positividad aumentó con la disminución del nivel escolar. Se concluye que la Neiseria gonorrhoeae constituye un factor importante en la inflamación pélvica aguda y que se requiere continuar estudiando las variables epidemiológicas relacionadas con los casos para aislar elementos de riesgo y orientar las medidas preventivas y las acciones de control

Síndrome de Fitz-Hugh-Curtis / Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome

El síndrome de Fitz-Hugh-Curtis se define como la presencia de una perihepatitis asociada a salpingitis. Los agentes etiológicos reconocidos hasta la fecha son Chlamydia trachomatis y Neisseria gonorrhoeae. El cuadro clínico de este síndrome es inespecífico y puede ser confundido con procesos inflamatorios o infecciosos del tubo digestivo, aparato urinario y respiratorio, en los cuales la manifestación sintomática fundamental es el dolor en hipocondrio derecho. El diagnóstico debe de sospecharse en aquella mujer joven con vida sexual activa que tenga antecedentes de promiscuidad en ella o en su pareja, que se queje de dolor subcostal derecho. Es más probable el diagnóstico si se cuenta con el antecedente de enfermedad pélvica inflamatoria y más aún, si se tiene evidencia de que ésta sea causada por Neisseria gonorrehoeae y/o Chlamydia trachomatis. El diagnóstico definitivo se realiza con la visualización directa de la adherencia perihepática por laparoscopía o laparotomía. Se recomienda la primera. El tratamiento médico es a base de cefalosporinas y dicloxacilina y en algunos casos se requiere de la extirpación quirúrgica del proceso adherencial para mitigar el dolor.

Rosoxacin in the treatment of uncomplicated acute gonococcal urethritis.

A total of 112 male patients presenting with acute gonococcal urethritis were admitted to the hospital. The diagnosis was confirmed by smear, culture, oxidase reaction and sugar fermentation tests. The patients were treated with a single 300 mg capsule of rosoxacin. All patients except one showed adequate response to rosoxacin.